Criterion Quarterly

South Asia

The Anatomy of Agricultural Credit in Pakistan

by Jamil Nasir | Vol 21-2 (Apr/Jun 2026), Archive, Articles, Environment, Pakistan, South Asia

Agricultural credit is often presented as a driver of rural development, yet millions of Pakistan’s farmers remain excluded from formal financial systems. This article examines how collateral requirements, bureaucratic barriers, and institutional design have concentrated access to credit among landowners while pushing tenants and small farmers towards costly informal lending networks. By analysing the structural weaknesses of Pakistan’s agricultural finance system and drawing lessons from international experience, it presents a reform agenda aimed at promoting financial inclusion, agricultural productivity, and sustainable rural development.

The Indo-Pak Battlefield of Competing Narratives

by S. Mushfiq Murshed | Vol 20-2 (Apr/Jun 2025), Comment, India, Pakistan, Security/Terrorism, South Asia

This article on Indo-Pak relations examines how competing narratives, hybrid warfare, and media propaganda are shaping diplomatic outcomes between the two nuclear powers. It highlights India’s disinformation campaigns, Pakistan’s response strategies, and the erosion of international law in the battle for global perception.

Absurd, Inconceivable and Sheer Stupidity – India Pakistan Conflict 2025

by Criterion Quarterly | Vol 20-Special Edition (Jun 2025), Comment, India, Kashmir, Pakistan, Security/Terrorism, South Asia

India Pakistan conflict once again threatens regional stability as recent military aggression exposes the dangers of escalation between nuclear powers. This comment critiques India’s strategic deception and calls for a grounded narrative that promotes peace over provocation.

Is GovPay going to be Sri Lanka’s Digital Leap Amidst Economic Crisis?

by Mohammad J. Sear | Vol 20-1 (Jan/Mar 2025), Articles, Essay, South Asia, Technology

GovPay represents a bold step in Sri Lanka’s digital transformation, offering a centralized platform for government payments at a critical moment in the country’s economic recovery. Following years of financial instability, Sri Lanka is leveraging digital innovation to enhance transparency, improve public service efficiency, and strengthen its economic foundations. This article explores how GovPay, supported by leading banks and fintech solutions, seeks to modernize the Sri Lanka economy, reduce reliance on cash, and foster greater fiscal accountability—positioning digital infrastructure as a key driver of national resilience and growth.

Kashmir: A Flashpoint

by Ambassador Masood Khalid | Vol 19-4 (Oct/Dec 2024), Articles, India, International Relations, Kashmir, Pakistan, Security/Terrorism, South Asia

The Kashmir conflict remains a critical flashpoint in South Asia, with unresolved UN resolutions, human rights violations, and strained India-Pakistan relations perpetuating instability in the region. This article explores the historical roots of the dispute and its far-reaching implications for regional peace and global diplomacy.

The Need for a Regional South Asian Mechanism for Human Rights

by Yasser Latif Hamdani | Articles, South Asia, Vol 09-3 (Jul/Sep 2014)

This article advocates for a comprehensive regional mechanism to address human rights violations in South Asia. It emphasizes the importance of accountability and collaboration among countries to protect individuals’ rights and promote justice in a region plagued by various challenges.

Uncovering the Dark Roots of Fundamentalism: How Extremism Took Root in the Muslim World

by A. G. Noorani | Vol 07-4 (Oct/Dec 2012), Articles, Philosophy, Religion, South Asia

This article traces the roots of fundamentalism, focusing on its ideological origins within the Muslim world. It analyzes the socio-political factors that have contributed to the rise of extremism and reflects on how these ideas have shaped modern conflicts and ideologies in South Asia and beyond.

Indian Military Expansion 2020 – Implications for Pakistan’s National Security

by Shafei Moiz Hali | Vol 07-3 (Jul/Sep 2012), Articles, India, International Relations, Pakistan, South Asia

The rapid Indian military expansion in 2020 poses significant security threats to Pakistan. This article examines the implications for Pakistan’s national security, highlighting the shifting regional power dynamics and the steps Pakistan must take to protect its interests in a more militarized environment.

Breakdown of the “Grand Bargain” and Emerging Political Order in the Developing World

by Shahid Javed Burki | Vol 07-2 (Apr/Jun 2012), Articles, Politics, South Asia

This article explores the breakdown of the Grand Bargain and its impact on the emerging political order in the developing world. It analyzes shifting power dynamics and how this global shift is influencing political structures in nations across the Global South. The piece offers insights into the broader implications for international relations and governance as traditional frameworks collapse.

Stability in South Asia – Time for a Lasting Peace Between India and Pakistan

by Dr. Humayun Khan and Salman Haidar, Dr. Humayun Khan, Salman Haidar | Vol 07-2 (Apr/Jun 2012), India, International Relations, Pakistan, Security/Terrorism, South Asia

This article examines the critical need for stability in South Asia through a sustained peace between India and Pakistan. It explores the long-standing conflict between the two nations and emphasizes the urgency of conflict resolution to ensure regional security and socio-economic growth. The article discusses potential pathways towards reconciliation and the benefits of fostering lasting peace in the region.

Fissile Material Conundrum: Pakistan’s Strategic Nuclear Challenge

by Air Commodore (R) Khalid Iqbal | Vol 06-3 (Jul/Sep 2011), Articles, Foreign Policy, India, Pakistan, South Asia, Technology, USA

This article explores the fissile material dilemma in South Asia, focusing on nuclear proliferation and the regional arms race. It highlights the strategic challenges faced by Pakistan in managing its nuclear capabilities while navigating complex diplomatic efforts for arms control.

Colonel Imam (Sultan Amir Tarar): A Pillar of Pakistan’s Geopolitical Strategy

by Ambassador Arif Ayub | Vol 06-3 (Jul/Sep 2011), Afghanistan, Articles, Pakistan, Security/Terrorism, South Asia

This article delves into the remarkable life of Colonel Imam and his profound influence on Pakistan’s military strategy and geopolitics in the region. Known for his key role in Afghanistan, his legacy continues to shape the political landscape of South Asia.

FMCT and Deterrence Stability in South Asia

by Ali Sarwar Naqvi | Vol 06-2 (Apr/Jun 2011), Articles, Security/Terrorism, South Asia

This article examines the role of the FMCT in maintaining deterrence stability in South Asia. It explores how nuclear weapons and regional security concerns intersect, shaping the future of peace and stability in the region.

Nuclear Politics and South Asia

by S. Iftikhar Murshed | Vol 05-2 (Apr/Jun 2010), Articles, South Asia

The dynamics of nuclear politics in South Asia have shaped the region’s strategic balance for decades. This article explores the critical role of nuclear deterrence in maintaining regional security, while addressing the risks and challenges that continue to threaten stability.

1971 – Lessons Et Cetera

by Iqbal Ahmad Khan | Vol 05-1 (Jan/Mar 2010), Articles, Bangladesh, Pakistan, South Asia

This article examines the lessons from 1971, focusing on the Bangladesh Liberation War and its impact on Pakistan. It highlights the historical lessons that need to be learned to prevent repeating past mistakes and to foster a more stable future.

India – Emerging Global Power

by Tayyab Siddiqui | Vol 04-2 (Apr/Jun 2009), Articles, China, Economy, India, International Relations, Pakistan, South Asia

This article examines India’s rise as an emerging global power, driven by rapid economic growth and expanding influence in international geopolitics. It explores how India’s strategic positioning, growing market, and political ambitions are reshaping the global landscape, positioning it as a key player on the world stage.

Education: The Perennial Questions

by Mavesh Khan | Vol 04-2 (Apr/Jun 2009), Articles, Education, Pakistan, South Asia

This article tackles the enduring challenges within the education systems of both developing and developed countries, particularly focusing on regions like South Asia. It explores the critical questions that have shaped past reforms and continue to influence the future. By addressing the need for meaningful changes, it emphasizes how regional disparities and global trends impact the evolution of education systems and their ability to adapt to modern needs while preparing for an uncertain future.

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)

by Syed Rifaat Hussain | Vol 04-1 (Jan/Mar 2009), Articles, Security/Terrorism, South Asia

The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) were a militant group central to the decades-long insurgency in Sri Lanka. This article examines their rise, their role in the Sri Lankan civil war, and how their strategies and tactics shaped both the conflict and the eventual collapse of their movement. The LTTE’s legacy continues to influence discussions on insurgency and state response.

The Shia of Iraq and the South Asian Connection

by Khaled Ahmed | Vol 02-3 (Jul/Sep 2007), Articles, Iraq, Religion, South Asia

This article explores the Shia communities of Iraq and their deep South Asian connection, highlighting the enduring religious ties and cultural influence between these regions. It sheds light on the shared heritage and historical bonds that have fostered a unique relationship, enriching the spiritual and cultural landscapes of both areas.

The Parliamentary System in South Asia

by A. G. Noorani | Vol 02-3 (Jul/Sep 2007), Articles, Governance & Policy, India, Pakistan, South Asia

This article explores the parliamentary system as a vital political structure in South Asia, examining how governance under this model shapes the region’s democracy and political landscape. It analyzes both the strengths and challenges of parliamentary governance in countries like India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, offering insights into its impact on regional stability and democratic growth.

Dimensions and Consequences of NATO Expansion to Eurasia: Reviewing Iran’s Security Environment

by Arif Kemal | Vol 03-2 (Apr/Jun 2008), Articles, Europe, International Relations, Iran, South Asia

This article analyzes the dimensions and consequences of NATO expansion into Eurasia, particularly its impact on Iran’s security environment. It explores how NATO expansion influences regional stability, posing challenges to Iran’s geopolitical strategy and security. The article sheds light on the broader geopolitical consequences of this expansion for Eurasia and its long-term implications for Iran.

A Liberal Islam in South Asia

by A. G. Noorani | Vol 03-2 (Apr/Jun 2008), Articles, Culture, Religion, South Asia

This article explores the emergence of a liberal Islam in South Asia, highlighting the ongoing religious reform movements that seek to reconcile traditional Islamic thought with modern values. It examines how cultural identity plays a key role in shaping these reforms, addressing both the opportunities and challenges of adapting Islamic principles to contemporary societal needs. The push for a more progressive interpretation of Islam in South Asia reflects a broader desire for harmony between faith and modernity.

Inaugural Note

by Criterion Quarterly | Vol 01-1 (Oct/Dec 2006), Afghanistan, Bangladesh, China, Comment, Culture, Economy, Education, Energy, Environment, Europe, Film & Media, Foreign Policy, Governance & Policy, India, International Relations, Iran, Iraq, Kashmir, Media, Middle East, Pakistan, Philosophy, Politics, Religion, Russia, Security/Terrorism, South Asia, Technology, Turkey, United Kingdom, USA

This inaugural note addresses Pakistan’s critical journey toward socio-political stability, emphasizing the importance of national development amidst economic challenges. With a global perspective, it discusses the urgent need for cohesive strategies that can bridge domestic and international aspirations, setting a hopeful tone for the country’s future.

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The Anatomy of Agricultural Credit in Pakistan

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