The race to build digital economies has led many countries to replicate outdated models that offer limited long-term value. This article challenges conventional approaches to digital development, arguing that emerging economies should move beyond imitation and focus on creating globally competitive digital platforms capable of generating wealth at scale. Exploring new technological frontiers such as artificial intelligence, digital infrastructure, and autonomous systems, it outlines how states can position themselves to capture greater value in the rapidly evolving digital economy.
Criterion Quarterly
Vol 21-2 (Apr/Jun 2026)
Global Framework on Transboundary Waters in the Context of Geography
Transboundary waters connect nations through shared resources, but they also create complex political and environmental challenges. This article explores the evolution of international legal frameworks governing shared rivers, lakes, and aquifers, while highlighting the decisive role of geography, hydrology, and power dynamics in shaping cooperation. Using South Asia and the Indus Basin as key examples, it examines the growing pressures of climate change and argues that effective water governance will require stronger international collaboration, adaptive institutions, and a renewed commitment to equitable resource management.
The Contested Waters: A Comprehensive History of Water Distribution in Pakistan (Pre-1991 to Present)
Water distribution in Pakistan remains one of the country’s most enduring and politically sensitive challenges. This article traces the historical roots of inter-provincial water disputes, examines the legacy of the 1991 Water Apportionment Accord, and assesses the growing pressures posed by climate change, population growth, and declining water availability. It highlights the persistent trust deficit between provinces and argues that strengthening institutions, improving transparency, and modernising water governance are essential to ensuring long-term water security and national cohesion.
The Anatomy of Agricultural Credit in Pakistan
Agricultural credit is often presented as a driver of rural development, yet millions of Pakistan’s farmers remain excluded from formal financial systems. This article examines how collateral requirements, bureaucratic barriers, and institutional design have concentrated access to credit among landowners while pushing tenants and small farmers towards costly informal lending networks. By analysing the structural weaknesses of Pakistan’s agricultural finance system and drawing lessons from international experience, it presents a reform agenda aimed at promoting financial inclusion, agricultural productivity, and sustainable rural development.
Quiet Diplomacy: Pakistan’s Pivotal Role in the US-Iran Peace Process
Pakistan’s role in facilitating dialogue between the United States and Iran is examined against the backdrop of a conflict that threatened regional stability and the global economy. This comment explores how the closure of the Strait of Hormuz elevated the crisis from a regional confrontation to a matter of international concern, while highlighting Pakistan’s emergence as an effective middle power through quiet diplomacy and strategic engagement. It argues that Islamabad’s unique relationships with Washington, Tehran, Beijing, and Gulf capitals enabled it to play a pivotal role in reducing tensions and advancing negotiations at a critical moment for the region.
A Roadmap for Reform – Strengthening Pakistan’s Governance
This article outlines a comprehensive strategy for reforming Pakistan’s governance structures, emphasizing the need for accountability, transparency, and public sector efficiency. It advocates for stronger institutions, rule of law, and a participatory approach to governance to ensure sustainable development and national stability.
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