VOL 7 NO 2

By Dr. Imtiyaz Gul Khan* With the establishment of Islamic civilization many centers and circles  of  learning were  established as  in  Kabul,  Kandhar, Balkh, Herat, Ghazni, etc1. Amongst the splendours of this civilization are great mosques in Ghazni, Herat, and Balkh, etc2. The mosques spread the message of God as well as allowed people to […]

By Air Commodore (Retd) Khalid Iqbal* Introduction Studying the challenging environment faced by Pakistan is an interesting pursuit. Generally, security, governance and economy are the approaches taken to gauge the problems faced by Pakistan. Factors such as spontaneous external pressures, fragile domestic political processes and cultural inhibitions are usually overlooked. Hence the conclusions remain inadequate

By Zubair Torwali* The  Malakand   Division   constitutes nearly  40  %  of  the  area  of the  north  western   province,   Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa of  Pakistan.  It is spread  over  an area of nearly  29,800  sq. km and  has a population  of about 6.0 million. The Division consists of seven districts- Malakand, Bunir,  Swat,  Shangla,  Upper  Dir,  Lower  Dir  and 

By A. G. NOORANI* Trauma induces searching of souls; but, it also warps judgment. It is not pleasant to recall defeat or the feeling of shame in its aftermath. This is true of nations as well as individuals. But truth is a great liberating force. It imparts lessons and provides warnings. However, precisely in those

By Dr. Humayun Khan and Salman Haidar* This essay has been jointly written by Dr. Humayun Khan – former Foreign Secretary of Pakistan – and Salman Haidar – former Foreign Secretary of India – and reflects the commonality of thought on Indo- Pak relations of two opposing sides. South Asia is one of the most

By Stephen F. Browne* Abstract Within the UN, the development system comprises of a large and com- plex array of organizations and agencies, many of which are indepen- dently governed and financed. About 20 percent of the total UN develop- ment budget is spent in Asia, through almost 300 separate regional and country offices. UN

By Shahid Javed Burki* Abstract More often than not change that makes history happens slowly, mostly unnoticed. Often it is not linear as shown by the unsteady progress Egypt is making towards developing a democratic system. Why these developments occur is a question left to the historians to answer and argue about. Sometimes revolutions bring